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Thomas De Schampheleire
api: stop using 'Optional', 'OAttr'/'OptionalAttr' classes

There does not seem to be a good reason to use the 'Optional' and
'OptionalAttr' classes.
It makes the code harder to understand. And worse, the 'default value'
specified is not always used, which can thus give false information to
users.

The way Optional was used in the API calls is twofold:

1.either by effectively extracting a value, via Optional.extract(param).
If 'param' was indeed specified by the user, then this would yield that
user-specified value. Otherwise, it would yield the value declared in the
parameter declaration, e.g. param=Optional(defaultvalue).

2.or by checking if a variable is an instance of the Optional class. In case
a user effectively passed a value, this value will not be of the
Optional class. So if a parameter is an object of class Optional, we know
the user did not pass a value, and we can apply some default.

In the declaration of the parameter, the specified default value will only
be used if the 'extract' method is used, i.e. method 1 above.

A simpler way to address this problem of default values is just with Python
default values, using 'None' as magic value if the default will be
calculated inside the method.

The docstrings still specify something like:
type: Optional(bool)
which is humanly readable and does not necessarily refer to a class called
'Optional', so such strings are kept.
.. _email:

==============
Email settings
==============

The Kallithea configuration file has several email related settings. When
these contain correct values, Kallithea will send email in the situations
described below. If the email configuration is not correct so that emails
cannot be sent, all mails will show up in the log output.

Before any email can be sent, an SMTP server has to be configured using the
configuration file setting ``smtp_server``. If required for that server, specify
a username (``smtp_username``) and password (``smtp_password``), a non-standard
port (``smtp_port``), whether to use "SSL" when connecting (``smtp_use_ssl``)
or use STARTTLS (``smtp_use_tls``), and/or specify special ESMTP "auth" features
(``smtp_auth``).

For example, for sending through gmail, use::

    smtp_server = smtp.gmail.com
    smtp_username = username
    smtp_password = password
    smtp_port = 465
    smtp_use_ssl = true


Application emails
------------------

Kallithea sends an email to `users` on several occasions:

- when comments are given on one of their changesets
- when comments are given on changesets they are reviewer on or on which they
  commented regardless
- when they are invited as reviewer in pull requests
- when they request a password reset

Kallithea sends an email to all `administrators` upon new account registration.
Administrators are users with the ``Admin`` flag set on the *Admin > Users*
page.

When Kallithea wants to send an email but due to an error cannot correctly
determine the intended recipients, the administrators and the addresses
specified in ``email_to`` in the configuration file are used as fallback.

Recipients will see these emails originating from the sender specified in the
``app_email_from`` setting in the configuration file. This setting can either
contain only an email address, like `kallithea-noreply@example.com`, or both
a name and an address in the following format: `Kallithea
<kallithea-noreply@example.com>`. However, if the email is sent due to an
action of a particular user, for example when a comment is given or a pull
request created, the name of that user will be combined with the email address
specified in ``app_email_from`` to form the sender (and any name part in that
configuration setting disregarded).

The subject of these emails can optionally be prefixed with the value of
``email_prefix`` in the configuration file.

A Kallithea-specific header indicating the email type will be added to each
email. This header can be used for email filtering. The header is of the form:

    X-Kallithea-Notification-Type: <type>

where ``<type>`` is one of:

- ``pull_request``: you are invited as reviewer in a pull request
- ``pull_request_comment``: a comment was given on a pull request
- ``cs_comment``: a comment was given on a changeset
- ``registration``: a new user was registered
- ``message``: another type of email


Error emails
------------

When an exception occurs in Kallithea -- and unless interactive debugging is
enabled using ``set debug = true`` in the ``[app:main]`` section of the
configuration file -- an email with exception details is sent by backlash_
to the addresses specified in ``email_to`` in the configuration file.

Recipients will see these emails originating from the sender specified in the
``error_email_from`` setting in the configuration file. This setting can either
contain only an email address, like `kallithea-noreply@example.com`, or both
a name and an address in the following format: `Kallithea Errors
<kallithea-noreply@example.com>`.


References
----------

- `Error Middleware (Pylons documentation) <https://pylons-webframework.readthedocs.io/en/latest/debugging.html#error-middleware>`_
- `ErrorHandler (Pylons modules documentation) <https://pylons-webframework.readthedocs.io/en/latest/modules/middleware.html#pylons.middleware.ErrorHandler>`_


.. _backlash: https://github.com/TurboGears/backlash